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Route

Whenever a network route is set up with page.route() or browser_context.route(), the Route object allows to handle the route.

Learn more about networking.

Methods​

abort​

Added before v1.9 route.abort

Aborts the route's request.

Usage

route.abort()
route.abort(**kwargs)

Arguments

  • error_code str (optional)#

    Optional error code. Defaults to failed, could be one of the following:

    • 'aborted' - An operation was aborted (due to user action)
    • 'accessdenied' - Permission to access a resource, other than the network, was denied
    • 'addressunreachable' - The IP address is unreachable. This usually means that there is no route to the specified host or network.
    • 'blockedbyclient' - The client chose to block the request.
    • 'blockedbyresponse' - The request failed because the response was delivered along with requirements which are not met ('X-Frame-Options' and 'Content-Security-Policy' ancestor checks, for instance).
    • 'connectionaborted' - A connection timed out as a result of not receiving an ACK for data sent.
    • 'connectionclosed' - A connection was closed (corresponding to a TCP FIN).
    • 'connectionfailed' - A connection attempt failed.
    • 'connectionrefused' - A connection attempt was refused.
    • 'connectionreset' - A connection was reset (corresponding to a TCP RST).
    • 'internetdisconnected' - The Internet connection has been lost.
    • 'namenotresolved' - The host name could not be resolved.
    • 'timedout' - An operation timed out.
    • 'failed' - A generic failure occurred.

Returns

continue_​

Added before v1.9 route.continue_

Sends route's request to the network with optional overrides.

Usage

def handle(route, request):
    # override headers
    headers = {
        **request.headers,
        "foo": "foo-value", # set "foo" header
        "bar": None # remove "bar" header
    }
    route.continue_(headers=headers)

page.route("**/*", handle)

Arguments

  • headers Dict[str, str] (optional)#

    If set changes the request HTTP headers. Header values will be converted to a string.

  • method str (optional)#

    If set changes the request method (e.g. GET or POST).

  • post_data str | bytes | Serializable (optional)#

    If set changes the post data of request.

  • url str (optional)#

    If set changes the request URL. New URL must have same protocol as original one.

Returns

Details

Note that any overrides such as url or headers only apply to the request being routed. If this request results in a redirect, overrides will not be applied to the new redirected request. If you want to propagate a header through redirects, use the combination of route.fetch() and route.fulfill() instead.

route.continue_() will immediately send the request to the network, other matching handlers won't be invoked. Use route.fallback() If you want next matching handler in the chain to be invoked.

fallback​

Added in: v1.23 route.fallback

Continues route's request with optional overrides. The method is similar to route.continue_() with the difference that other matching handlers will be invoked before sending the request.

Usage

When several routes match the given pattern, they run in the order opposite to their registration. That way the last registered route can always override all the previous ones. In the example below, request will be handled by the bottom-most handler first, then it'll fall back to the previous one and in the end will be aborted by the first registered route.

page.route("**/*", lambda route: route.abort())  # Runs last.
page.route("**/*", lambda route: route.fallback())  # Runs second.
page.route("**/*", lambda route: route.fallback())  # Runs first.

Registering multiple routes is useful when you want separate handlers to handle different kinds of requests, for example API calls vs page resources or GET requests vs POST requests as in the example below.

# Handle GET requests.
def handle_get(route):
    if route.request.method != "GET":
        route.fallback()
        return
  # Handling GET only.
  # ...

# Handle POST requests.
def handle_post(route):
    if route.request.method != "POST":
        route.fallback()
        return
  # Handling POST only.
  # ...

page.route("**/*", handle_get)
page.route("**/*", handle_post)

One can also modify request while falling back to the subsequent handler, that way intermediate route handler can modify url, method, headers and postData of the request.

def handle(route, request):
    # override headers
    headers = {
        **request.headers,
        "foo": "foo-value", # set "foo" header
        "bar": None # remove "bar" header
    }
    route.fallback(headers=headers)

page.route("**/*", handle)

Use route.continue_() to immediately send the request to the network, other matching handlers won't be invoked in that case.

Arguments

  • headers Dict[str, str] (optional)#

    If set changes the request HTTP headers. Header values will be converted to a string.

  • method str (optional)#

    If set changes the request method (e.g. GET or POST).

  • post_data str | bytes | Serializable (optional)#

    If set changes the post data of request.

  • url str (optional)#

    If set changes the request URL. New URL must have same protocol as original one. Changing the URL won't affect the route matching, all the routes are matched using the original request URL.

Returns

fetch​

Added in: v1.29 route.fetch

Performs the request and fetches result without fulfilling it, so that the response could be modified and then fulfilled.

Usage

def handle(route):
    response = route.fetch()
    json = response.json()
    json["message"]["big_red_dog"] = []
    route.fulfill(response=response, json=json)

page.route("https://dog.ceo/api/breeds/list/all", handle)

Arguments

  • headers Dict[str, str] (optional)#

    If set changes the request HTTP headers. Header values will be converted to a string.

  • max_redirects int (optional) Added in: v1.31#

    Maximum number of request redirects that will be followed automatically. An error will be thrown if the number is exceeded. Defaults to 20. Pass 0 to not follow redirects.

  • max_retries int (optional) Added in: v1.46#

    Maximum number of times network errors should be retried. Currently only ECONNRESET error is retried. Does not retry based on HTTP response codes. An error will be thrown if the limit is exceeded. Defaults to 0 - no retries.

  • method str (optional)#

    If set changes the request method (e.g. GET or POST).

  • post_data str | bytes | Serializable (optional)#

    Allows to set post data of the request. If the data parameter is an object, it will be serialized to json string and content-type header will be set to application/json if not explicitly set. Otherwise the content-type header will be set to application/octet-stream if not explicitly set.

  • timeout float (optional) Added in: v1.33#

    Request timeout in milliseconds. Defaults to 30000 (30 seconds). Pass 0 to disable timeout.

  • url str (optional)#

    If set changes the request URL. New URL must have same protocol as original one.

Returns

Details

Note that headers option will apply to the fetched request as well as any redirects initiated by it. If you want to only apply headers to the original request, but not to redirects, look into route.continue_() instead.

fulfill​

Added before v1.9 route.fulfill

Fulfills route's request with given response.

Usage

An example of fulfilling all requests with 404 responses:

page.route("**/*", lambda route: route.fulfill(
    status=404,
    content_type="text/plain",
    body="not found!"))

An example of serving static file:

page.route("**/xhr_endpoint", lambda route: route.fulfill(path="mock_data.json"))

Arguments

  • body str | bytes (optional)#

    Response body.

  • content_type str (optional)#

    If set, equals to setting Content-Type response header.

  • headers Dict[str, str] (optional)#

    Response headers. Header values will be converted to a string.

  • json Serializable (optional) Added in: v1.29#

    JSON response. This method will set the content type to application/json if not set.

  • path Union[str, pathlib.Path] (optional)#

    File path to respond with. The content type will be inferred from file extension. If path is a relative path, then it is resolved relative to the current working directory.

  • response APIResponse (optional) Added in: v1.15#

    APIResponse to fulfill route's request with. Individual fields of the response (such as headers) can be overridden using fulfill options.

  • status int (optional)#

    Response status code, defaults to 200.

Returns

Properties​

request​

Added before v1.9 route.request

A request to be routed.

Usage

route.request

Returns